{"id":266189,"date":"2021-10-29T14:12:07","date_gmt":"2021-10-29T12:12:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/escales.ponant.com\/?p=266189"},"modified":"2024-06-26T15:19:09","modified_gmt":"2024-06-26T13:19:09","slug":"guimaraes-portugal","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/escales.ponant.com\/en\/guimaraes-portugal\/","title":{"rendered":"Head to Guimar\u00e3es, the cradle of Portugal"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=\u201d1\u2033 _builder_version=\u201d4.7.7\u2033 _module_preset=\u201ddefault\u201d custom_padding=\u201d0px||0px||false|false\u201d global_colors_info=\u201d{}\u201d][et_pb_row _builder_version=\u201d4.7.7\u2033 _module_preset=\u201ddefault\u201d max_width=\u201d900px\u201d custom_padding=\u201d0px||0px||true|false\u201d global_colors_info=\u201d{}\u201d][et_pb_column type=\u201d4_4\u2033 _builder_version=\u201d4.7.4\u2033 _module_preset=\u201ddefault\u201d global_colors_info=\u201d{}\u201d][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u201d4.10.5\u2033 _module_preset=\u201ddefault\u201d header_2_font=\u201d|300|||||||\u201d header_2_text_color=\u201d#334556\u2033 header_2_font_size=\u201d38px\u201d header_2_line_height=\u201d1.4em\u201d header_3_font=\u201d|600|||||||\u201d header_3_text_color=\u201d#307f90\u2033 header_3_font_size=\u201d26px\u201d custom_padding=\u201d0px||0px||true|\u201d global_colors_info=\u201d{}\u201d]<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><b>Portugal\u2019s historical heart<\/b><\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Guimar\u00e3es, a jewel of Portuguese cultural heritage, lies just a stone\u2019s throw from <b>Porto<\/b> in northwest Portugal. This charming medieval city is considered the country\u2019s birthplace because it is where <b>the first king of Portugal<\/b>, Afonso Henriques, was born. And it is in its historic centre, a listed UNESCO World Heritage Site with captivating monuments, museums and colourful azulejos tiles, that visitors\u2019 best memories are born.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u201d4.10.5\u2033 _module_preset=\u201ddefault\u201d text_font=\u201d||||||||\u201d text_line_height=\u201d1.8em\u201d link_font=\u201d||||on||||\u201d header_2_font=\u201d|300|||||||\u201d header_2_text_color=\u201d#334556\u2033 header_2_font_size=\u201d38px\u201d header_3_font=\u201d|600|||||||\u201d header_3_text_color=\u201d#307f90\u2033 header_3_font_size=\u201d26px\u201d header_3_line_height=\u201d1.4em\u201d header_4_font=\u201d|600|||||||\u201d header_4_text_color=\u201d#334556\u2033 header_4_font_size=\u201d22px\u201d header_4_line_height=\u201d1.5em\u201d header_5_font=\u201d|700|||||||\u201d header_5_text_color=\u201d#307f90\u2033 header_5_font_size=\u201d18px\u201d header_5_line_height=\u201d1.4em\u201d header_6_font=\u201d|600|||||||\u201d header_6_font_size=\u201d16px\u201d header_6_line_height=\u201d1.4em\u201d text_orientation=\u201djustified\u201d custom_padding=\u201d0px||27px||false|false\u201d global_colors_info=\u201d{}\u201d]<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><b>Portugal was born here<\/b><\/h3>\n<p>The <b>history of Guimar\u00e3es<\/b> has been intertwined with that of Portugal for more than eight centuries. This rich city, located in the Braga district in northern Portugal, is considered to be the birthplace of the nation because it is where <b>Afonso Henriques<\/b> was born. Nicknamed the \u201cConqueror\u201d or \u201cFounder\u201d, he became the <b>first king of Portugal<\/b> after defeating the Moors at the Battle of Ourique in 1139. However, it wasn\u2019t until 1143 that the King of Le\u00f3n and Castile recognised the independence of Spain\u2019s neighbouring country in the Treaty of Zamora.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Guimar\u00e3es was thus the scene of significant political and military events that led to the <b>foundation of Portugal<\/b>. Traces of the city\u2019s past can still be seen today. In white lettering on a remnant of the old wall at the entrance to the historic centre is a phrase that every Portuguese person knows by heart: \u201cAqui nasceu Portugal\u201d (Portugal was born here).<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=\u201d4.7.7\u2033 _module_preset=\u201ddefault\u201d background_enable_color=\u201doff\u201d background_enable_image=\u201doff\u201d width=\u201d100%\u201d width_tablet=\u201d\u201d width_phone=\u201d\u201d width_last_edited=\u201don|phone\u201d max_width=\u201d1000px\u201d module_alignment=\u201dcenter\u201d custom_padding=\u201d2px||5px||false|false\u201d global_colors_info=\u201d{}\u201d][et_pb_column type=\u201d4_4\u2033 _builder_version=\u201d4.7.7\u2033 _module_preset=\u201ddefault\u201d background_enable_color=\u201doff\u201d background_enable_image=\u201doff\u201d background_size=\u201dcontain\u201d global_colors_info=\u201d{}\u201d][et_pb_image src=\u201dhttps:\/\/escales.ponant.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/iStock-1341801807-1.jpg\u201d alt=\u201dVisiter Guimaraes au Portugal\u201d title_text=\u201dguimaraes-portugal\u201d align=\u201dcenter\u201d _builder_version=\u201d4.10.5\u2033 _module_preset=\u201ddefault\u201d global_colors_info=\u201d{}\u201d][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u201d1\u2033 _builder_version=\u201d4.7.7\u2033 _module_preset=\u201ddefault\u201d custom_padding=\u201d0px||22px||false|false\u201d global_colors_info=\u201d{}\u201d][et_pb_row _builder_version=\u201d4.7.7\u2033 _module_preset=\u201ddefault\u201d max_width=\u201d900px\u201d custom_padding=\u201d0px||0px||true|false\u201d locked=\u201doff\u201d global_colors_info=\u201d{}\u201d][et_pb_column type=\u201d4_4\u2033 _builder_version=\u201d4.7.4\u2033 _module_preset=\u201ddefault\u201d global_colors_info=\u201d{}\u201d][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u201d4.10.5\u2033 _module_preset=\u201ddefault\u201d text_font=\u201d||||||||\u201d text_line_height=\u201d1.8em\u201d header_2_font=\u201d|300|||||||\u201d header_2_text_color=\u201d#334556\u2033 header_2_font_size=\u201d38px\u201d header_3_font=\u201d|600|||||||\u201d header_3_text_color=\u201d#307f90\u2033 header_3_font_size=\u201d26px\u201d header_3_line_height=\u201d1.4em\u201d text_orientation=\u201djustified\u201d custom_padding=\u201d0px||0px||false|false\u201d global_colors_info=\u201d{}\u201d]<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><b>The historic centre<\/b><\/h3>\n<p>The <b>medieval town centre of Guimar\u00e3es<\/b> has many extremely well-preserved monuments, which is why UNESCO added it to the <b>World Heritage List<\/b> in 2001. Its most iconic building is undoubtedly the <b>fortified castle built in the 10th<\/b> century under the orders of Countess Mumadona Dias. Perched on Monte Latito, known as the sacred hill, the Castle of Guimar\u00e3es was where inhabitants came to take refuge during the endless incursions of Viking hordes from northern Europe and the Moors from the south. Not far from the castle is a beautiful example of <b>Romanesque architecture<\/b>: the small Church of S\u00e3o Miguel, where the first king of Portugal was baptised.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>From the <b>Castle of Guimar\u00e3es<\/b>, you can reach the lower part of the city and its convent via <b>rua de Santa Maria<\/b>, which connects the two centres. This paved street <b>on the Way of St. James<\/b> is the oldest in Guimar\u00e3es and takes you past the ornate stone town hall. Opposite, a <b>traditional azulejos shop<\/b> sells the famous decorated earthenware tiles \u2013 the perfect souvenir of your time in Guimar\u00e3es!<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\u201d1_2,1_2\u2033 _builder_version=\u201d4.7.7\u2033 _module_preset=\u201ddefault\u201d background_enable_color=\u201doff\u201d background_enable_image=\u201doff\u201d width=\u201d100%\u201d width_tablet=\u201d\u201d width_phone=\u201d\u201d width_last_edited=\u201don|phone\u201d max_width=\u201d1000px\u201d module_alignment=\u201dcenter\u201d custom_padding=\u201d0px||5px||false|false\u201d global_colors_info=\u201d{}\u201d][et_pb_column type=\u201d1_2\u2033 _builder_version=\u201d4.7.7\u2033 _module_preset=\u201ddefault\u201d background_enable_color=\u201doff\u201d background_enable_image=\u201doff\u201d background_size=\u201dcontain\u201d global_colors_info=\u201d{}\u201d][et_pb_divider show_divider=\u201doff\u201d _builder_version=\u201d4.10.5\u2033 _module_preset=\u201ddefault\u201d background_image=\u201dhttps:\/\/escales.ponant.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/iStock-1341801720-1.jpg\u201d module_alignment=\u201dcenter\u201d height=\u201d550px\u201d height_tablet=\u201d450px\u201d height_phone=\u201d280px\u201d height_last_edited=\u201don|phone\u201d border_width_right=\u201d5px\u201d border_color_right=\u201d#ffffff\u201d border_width_all_tablet=\u201d\u201d border_width_all_phone=\u201d\u201d border_width_all_last_edited=\u201don|desktop\u201d border_width_right_tablet=\u201d0px\u201d border_width_right_phone=\u201d\u201d border_width_right_last_edited=\u201don|phone\u201d global_colors_info=\u201d{}\u201d][\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u201d1_2\u2033 _builder_version=\u201d4.7.7\u2033 _module_preset=\u201ddefault\u201d background_enable_color=\u201doff\u201d background_enable_image=\u201doff\u201d background_size=\u201dcontain\u201d global_colors_info=\u201d{}\u201d][et_pb_divider show_divider=\u201doff\u201d _builder_version=\u201d4.10.5\u2033 _module_preset=\u201ddefault\u201d background_image=\u201dhttps:\/\/escales.ponant.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/iStock-1341801552-1.jpg\u201d module_alignment=\u201dcenter\u201d height=\u201d550px\u201d height_tablet=\u201d450px\u201d height_phone=\u201d280px\u201d height_last_edited=\u201don|phone\u201d border_color_right=\u201d#ffffff\u201d global_colors_info=\u201d{}\u201d][\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=\u201d4.7.7\u2033 _module_preset=\u201ddefault\u201d max_width=\u201d900px\u201d custom_padding=\u201d7px||7px||true|false\u201d locked=\u201doff\u201d global_colors_info=\u201d{}\u201d][et_pb_column type=\u201d4_4\u2033 _builder_version=\u201d4.7.4\u2033 _module_preset=\u201ddefault\u201d global_colors_info=\u201d{}\u201d][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u201d4.10.5\u2033 _module_preset=\u201ddefault\u201d text_font=\u201d||||||||\u201d text_line_height=\u201d1.8em\u201d header_2_font=\u201d|300|||||||\u201d header_2_text_color=\u201d#334556\u2033 header_2_font_size=\u201d38px\u201d header_3_font=\u201d|600|||||||\u201d header_3_text_color=\u201d#307f90\u2033 header_3_font_size=\u201d26px\u201d header_3_line_height=\u201d1.4em\u201d text_orientation=\u201djustified\u201d custom_padding=\u201d0px||9px||false|false\u201d global_colors_info=\u201d{}\u201d]<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><b>Must-see sites in Guimar\u00e3es<\/b><\/h3>\n<p>Guimar\u00e3es has other historic gems. Located a stone\u2019s throw from the castle, the <b>Palace of the Dukes of Braganza<\/b> invites visitors to travel back in time to 15th-century Portugal. With <b>Gothic architecture<\/b> blended with French influences, the palace is unique! It was listed as a national monument in 1910 and restored to its former glory over the following decades. Today, this sumptuous building, with no fewer than 39 tall brick chimneys, is one of the official residences of the President of Portugal.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Another <b>iconic location in Guimar\u00e3es<\/b> is <b>Pra\u00e7a de S\u00e3o Tiago<\/b> in the old town. Surrounded by<b> stone houses with wooden balconies<\/b>, this cobbled square is the perfect place to get a taste of the Portuguese good life. Take a seat on one of the many terraces to enjoy a glass of port with tapas, including salt cod fritters, marinated octopus salad and p\u00e3o com chouri\u00e7o (Portuguese chorizo buns). The selection is fit for a king!<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\u201d1_2,1_2\u2033 _builder_version=\u201d4.7.7\u2033 _module_preset=\u201ddefault\u201d background_enable_color=\u201doff\u201d background_enable_image=\u201doff\u201d width=\u201d100%\u201d width_tablet=\u201d\u201d width_phone=\u201d\u201d width_last_edited=\u201don|phone\u201d max_width=\u201d1000px\u201d module_alignment=\u201dcenter\u201d custom_padding=\u201d0px||5px||false|false\u201d global_colors_info=\u201d{}\u201d][et_pb_column type=\u201d1_2\u2033 _builder_version=\u201d4.7.7\u2033 _module_preset=\u201ddefault\u201d background_enable_color=\u201doff\u201d background_enable_image=\u201doff\u201d background_size=\u201dcontain\u201d global_colors_info=\u201d{}\u201d][et_pb_divider show_divider=\u201doff\u201d _builder_version=\u201d4.10.5\u2033 _module_preset=\u201ddefault\u201d background_image=\u201dhttps:\/\/escales.ponant.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/iStock-482388103-1.jpg\u201d module_alignment=\u201dcenter\u201d height=\u201d550px\u201d height_tablet=\u201d450px\u201d height_phone=\u201d280px\u201d height_last_edited=\u201don|phone\u201d border_width_right=\u201d5px\u201d border_color_right=\u201d#ffffff\u201d border_width_all_tablet=\u201d\u201d border_width_all_phone=\u201d\u201d border_width_all_last_edited=\u201don|desktop\u201d border_width_right_tablet=\u201d0px\u201d border_width_right_phone=\u201d\u201d border_width_right_last_edited=\u201don|phone\u201d global_colors_info=\u201d{}\u201d][\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u201d1_2\u2033 _builder_version=\u201d4.7.7\u2033 _module_preset=\u201ddefault\u201d background_enable_color=\u201doff\u201d background_enable_image=\u201doff\u201d background_size=\u201dcontain\u201d global_colors_info=\u201d{}\u201d][et_pb_divider show_divider=\u201doff\u201d _builder_version=\u201d4.10.5\u2033 _module_preset=\u201ddefault\u201d background_image=\u201dhttps:\/\/escales.ponant.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/iStock-487584851-1.jpg\u201d module_alignment=\u201dcenter\u201d height=\u201d550px\u201d height_tablet=\u201d450px\u201d height_phone=\u201d280px\u201d height_last_edited=\u201don|phone\u201d border_color_right=\u201d#ffffff\u201d global_colors_info=\u201d{}\u201d][\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=\u201d4.7.7\u2033 _module_preset=\u201ddefault\u201d max_width=\u201d900px\u201d custom_padding=\u201d0px||0px||true|false\u201d locked=\u201doff\u201d global_colors_info=\u201d{}\u201d][et_pb_column type=\u201d4_4\u2033 _builder_version=\u201d4.7.4\u2033 _module_preset=\u201ddefault\u201d global_colors_info=\u201d{}\u201d][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u201d4.10.5\u2033 _module_preset=\u201ddefault\u201d text_font=\u201d||||||||\u201d text_line_height=\u201d1.8em\u201d header_2_font=\u201d|300|||||||\u201d header_2_text_color=\u201d#334556\u2033 header_2_font_size=\u201d38px\u201d header_3_font=\u201d|600|||||||\u201d header_3_text_color=\u201d#307f90\u2033 header_3_font_size=\u201d26px\u201d header_3_line_height=\u201d1.4em\u201d text_orientation=\u201djustified\u201d custom_margin=\u201d-19px|||||\u201d custom_padding=\u201d19px||40px||false|false\u201d global_colors_info=\u201d{}\u201d]<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><b>Bird\u2019s eye view<\/b><\/h3>\n<p>Finally, from <b>Monte da Penha<\/b>, enjoy an <b>impressive panoramic view of the whole city<\/b>. Take the <b>cable car<\/b> from Guimar\u00e3es to reach the mountain top. From up high, the medieval city looks like a precious stone with facets carved by time, set in a natural environment. In addition to the view, the mountain offers incredible nature at the Penha Forest Park, which is home to a beautiful religious building. The <b>sanctuary of Penha<\/b> includes an <b>Art Deco <\/b>church from the 1930s made from local granite. Like the other historical monuments of Guimar\u00e3es, its beauty is eternal.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=\u201d4.7.7\u2033 _module_preset=\u201ddefault\u201d background_enable_color=\u201doff\u201d background_enable_image=\u201doff\u201d width=\u201d100%\u201d width_tablet=\u201d\u201d width_phone=\u201d\u201d width_last_edited=\u201don|phone\u201d max_width=\u201d1000px\u201d module_alignment=\u201dcenter\u201d custom_padding=\u201d2px||5px||false|false\u201d global_colors_info=\u201d{}\u201d][et_pb_column type=\u201d4_4\u2033 _builder_version=\u201d4.7.7\u2033 _module_preset=\u201ddefault\u201d background_enable_color=\u201doff\u201d background_enable_image=\u201doff\u201d background_size=\u201dcontain\u201d global_colors_info=\u201d{}\u201d][et_pb_image src=\u201dhttps:\/\/escales.ponant.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/iStock-517402147-1.jpg\u201d alt=\u201dVisiter Guimaraes au Portugal\u201d title_text=\u201dguimaraes-portugal\u201d align=\u201dcenter\u201d _builder_version=\u201d4.10.5\u2033 _module_preset=\u201ddefault\u201d global_colors_info=\u201d{}\u201d][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=\u201d4.7.7\u2033 _module_preset=\u201ddefault\u201d max_width=\u201d900px\u201d custom_padding=\u201d0px||0px||true|false\u201d locked=\u201doff\u201d global_colors_info=\u201d{}\u201d][et_pb_column type=\u201d4_4\u2033 _builder_version=\u201d4.7.4\u2033 _module_preset=\u201ddefault\u201d global_colors_info=\u201d{}\u201d][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u201d4.10.5\u2033 _module_preset=\u201ddefault\u201d text_font=\u201d||||||||\u201d text_line_height=\u201d1.8em\u201d header_2_font=\u201d|300|||||||\u201d header_2_text_color=\u201d#334556\u2033 header_2_font_size=\u201d38px\u201d header_3_font=\u201d|600|||||||\u201d header_3_text_color=\u201d#307f90\u2033 header_3_font_size=\u201d26px\u201d header_3_line_height=\u201d1.4em\u201d text_orientation=\u201djustified\u201d custom_padding=\u201d3px||4px||false|false\u201d global_colors_info=\u201d{}\u201d]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Photos credits : \u00a9 Istock<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u201d1\u2033 admin_label=\u201dPUSH\u201d _builder_version=\u201d4.7.7\u2033 _module_preset=\u201ddefault\u201d custom_padding=\u201d||0px||false|false\u201d global_colors_info=\u201d{}\u201d][et_pb_row column_structure=\u201d1_2,1_2\u2033 _builder_version=\u201d4.7.7\u2033 _module_preset=\u201ddefault\u201d background_color=\u201d#334556\u2033 global_colors_info=\u201d{}\u201d][et_pb_column type=\u201d1_2\u2033 _builder_version=\u201d4.7.7\u2033 _module_preset=\u201ddefault\u201d custom_padding=\u201d|50px||50px|false|true\u201d global_colors_info=\u201d{}\u201d][et_pb_image src=\u201dhttps:\/\/escales.ponant.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/PUSH_Sister.jpg\u201d alt=\u201dTourisme : Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie, vue rapproch\u00e9e sur le lagon turquoise avec l\u2019\u00eele du pin en arri\u00e8re plan\u201d title_text=\u201dPUSH_Sister\u201d _builder_version=\u201d4.10.5\u2033 _module_preset=\u201ddefault\u201d max_width=\u201d445px\u201d module_alignment=\u201dcenter\u201d max_height=\u201d445px\u201d custom_margin=\u201d-90px||||false|false\u201d custom_padding=\u201d||20px||false|false\u201d global_colors_info=\u201d{}\u201d][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u201d1_2\u2033 _builder_version=\u201d4.7.7\u2033 _module_preset=\u201ddefault\u201d custom_padding=\u201d|50px|||false|false\u201d custom_padding_tablet=\u201d|50px||50px|false|false\u201d custom_padding_phone=\u201d|20px||20px|false|true\u201d custom_padding_last_edited=\u201don|phone\u201d global_colors_info=\u201d{}\u201d][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u201d4.10.5\u2033 _module_preset=\u201ddefault\u201d text_font=\u201d|700|||||||\u201d text_text_color=\u201d#ffffff\u201d 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button_url=\u201dhttps:\/\/uk.ponant.com\/destinations\/atlantic-coast\u201d url_new_window=\u201don\u201d button_text=\u201dDiscover our cruises\u201d button_alignment=\u201dleft\u201d _builder_version=\u201d4.10.5\u2033 _module_preset=\u201ddefault\u201d custom_margin=\u201d20px||20px||false|false\u201d global_colors_info=\u201d{}\u201d][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Portugal\u2019s historical heart<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":266194,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[],"thematique":[1423,1431,1417],"class_list":["post-266189","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-get-inspired","thematique-europe-en","thematique-history-and-heritage","thematique-in-the-city"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Exploring Guimar\u00e3es: The Cradle of Portugal | Magazine PONANT<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Take advantage of your trip to the medieval city of Guimar\u00e3es to learn more about the history of 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